A coming wave of Chinese cancer drugs could provide patients with cheaper alternatives to some celebrated and costly therapies, but gaining traction will mean going up against some of the global pharmaceutical industry’s most lucrative and well-protected franchises.
Treatments known as checkpoint inhibitors that free the immune system to attack tumors have become blockbusters in recent years—Merck & Co.’s Keytruda and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.’s Opdivo are cornerstones of a $150-billion global market.
Wall Street analysts surveyed by Bloomberg expect Keytruda sales alone to total more than $17 billion this year, and almost $26 billion in 2025.
Such sums have attracted the interest of China-based companies like Junshi Biosciences Co. and Innovent Biologics Inc. They are hoping to offer similar treatments at lower prices, and win over patients and payers on the pharmaceutical giants’ most precious turf. Their treatments have shown promise in studies, yet the complicated US health system could limit their capacity to compete.
Immune oncology drugs transformed therapy for a broad array of cancers over the past decade and won the technology’s pioneers the Nobel Prize in 2018. Most of the drugs block proteins called PD-1 and PD-L1 that interfere with the immune response to tumors. But in the US, a year of therapy costs as much as $175,000.
The high cost has frustrated US health officials. Richard Pazdur, director of the US Food and Drug Administration’s Oncology Center of Excellence, went as far as encouraging Chinese companies to undercut US-developed checkpoint inhibitors on price during a medical meeting in 2019.
“A lot of people in the US—literally these drugs bankrupt them,” said Brad Loncar, a biotech investor and chief executive officer of Loncar Investments. “These drugs are so huge that tens of billions of dollars could be at stake here. So much money could be saved for the health-care system.”
Getting noticed
Bristol-Myers prices drugs based on factors including value, scientific innovation, development costs and access, the company said in an e-mail. Merck said it continues to explore ways to improve access to and affordability of its medicines.
China has granted 20 approvals to checkpoint inhibitors, according to a May report from Mizuho. But as yet, no Chinese-made versions have sold outside the country.
US physicians and payers polled by Cowen & Co. said that the low-cost inhibitors could win up to 30 percent of the market, according to a separate May report. In any case, China’s drugmakers will have to charge lower prices to compete with their Western counterparts, said Yaron Werber, a managing director and senior biotechnology analyst for Cowen.
“A high-quality, reputable new entrant backed by new data and a 30 percent to 50 percent price concession we think would get noticed,” he said in an interview.
How Chinese drugmakers will sell their products in the US remains to be seen. Blockbusters like Keytruda and Opdivo have been approved for dozens of types of cancer, meaning rivalry may occur on a disease-by-disease basis as data emerges for different forms of cancer. That likely puts companies like Junshi at a disadvantage in the byzantine US payer system.
“How would a payer say, ‘I’ll pay for one drug in this indication, but not Keytruda, which I pay for in these 17 different indications?”’ said Mara Goldstein, an analyst at Mizuho Securities Co. “The market isn’t as sophisticated as that.”
Price competition and positive data will not be enough to break into the US, said Alexis Borisy, chief executive officer of closely-held EQRx Inc., which is collaborating with China-based CStone Pharmaceuticals on a potential low-cost therapy for non-small lung cancer. Their PD-L1 inhibitor sugemalimab showed promising results in a late-stage trial in China.
Even with those boxes checked, “the harder part is rewriting how the whole commercial model of this industry works and getting the drugs adopted,” Borisy said in an interview.
Junshi niche
One early Chinese PD-1 entrant is likely to be Junshi’s toripalimab for nasopharyngeal cancer. A late-stage trial found that combining the drug with chemotherapy outperformed the standard treatment alone, according to research presented Thursday at the American Society of Clinical Oncology’s annual meeting.
If approved, toripalimab could be the first such drug available for the condition in the US, leaving “no reason nor necessity to price it low,” Junshi Chief Executive Officer Li Ning said in an interview. He expects it to be priced between 80 percent and 120 percent of similar medicines developed by western pharmaceutical companies, suggesting it could be more expensive for certain tumor types.
As the company moves into more competitive areas like lung and gastric cancer, however, “our market strategy will be different,” he said.
Other Chinese makers of checkpoint inhibitors are working with Western partners. Junshi paired with Coherus Biosciences Inc., a maker of cheaper copies of biologic drugs, and also has a partnership with AstraZeneca Plc on toripalimab. BeiGene Ltd. is working with Switzerland’s Novartis AG, while China’s Innovent Biologics Inc. and Indianapolis-based Eli Lilly & Co. filed for US approval of a lung cancer treatment in March.
Cutting prices
Price-cutting strategies for cancer drugs in China were initially aimed at grabbing market share from foreign firms like Merck and Bristol-Myers. Starting in late 2018, domestically developed checkpoint inhibitors from Junshi, Innovent and others started to flood China’s market—now the world’s second-largest for drugs—often selling at the fraction of the price of Keytruda and Opdivo.
But to reach most of China’s market, drugmakers must get their medicines covered by state medical insurance, and that means reducing prices further. Innovent’s checkpoint inhibitor was granted coverage in 2020 after a 60 percent price cut. This year, three other Chinese inhibitors—from Junshi, Beigene and Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co.—joined the list, after agreeing to drop prices by 80 percent. No foreign-made checkpoint inhibitors are covered.
Junshi is not going down the same path when it tries to enter the US market, where drugs become blockbusters by showing superior efficacy and safety rather than selling dirt cheap, Li said.
“It will never end up in a competition the way it is now in the China market,” he said. (Bloomberg)